Buddhism has been a cornerstone of Japanese culture and society for over a millennium, shaping its arts, politics, philosophy, and customs. This blog post delves into the rich tapestry of Japanese Buddhism, exploring its origins, evolution, and the unique ways it has intertwined with Shinto, Japan’s indigenous religion. We’ll also examine the role of Buddhist temples in Japan, their architectural marvels, and the cultural nuances that make them unique. From the ancient Nara period to the modern era, we’ll journey through the fascinating history of Buddhism in Japan and its enduring influence on the country’s identity.
Table of Contents
Buddhism’s Journey to Japan and the Founding of the Initial Temples
Buddhism, a religion that originated in India, made its way to Japan via the Korean peninsula in the 6th century. The Soga clan, one of the powerful clans in Japan, was instrumental in promoting Buddhism among the ruling class. The first Buddhist structures in Japan were likely modeled after Korean designs, as evidenced by the Hōkō-ji temple in Asuka, Nara.
The introduction of Buddhism to Japan was not without conflict. The Soga clan’s support for Buddhism led to a power struggle with the Mononobe and Nakatomi clans, who were ardent supporters of Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan. The Soga clan eventually emerged victorious, leading to the establishment of Buddhism as a significant force in Japanese society.
The first state-sponsored temple in Japan, Shitennō-ji, was built by Prince Shōtoku, who is revered as a great patron of Buddhism in Japan. He is credited with constructing numerous temples and commissioning religious art. His Seventeen Article Constitution, a document outlining moral and political principles, reflects Buddhist and Confucian teachings and is considered one of the earliest constitutions in history.
The Nara period (710-794) saw the construction of the great Todai-ji temple in Nara, which houses the world’s largest bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana. This period also saw the rise of the Tendai and Shingon sects of Buddhism, which were introduced to Japan by the monks Saichō and Kūkai respectively during the Heian period (794-1185). These sects, along with others that emerged later, continue to shape Japanese Buddhism today.
The spread of Buddhism in Japan was not limited to the elite. It permeated various aspects of Japanese culture, including art, literature, and philosophy. The development of various Buddhist sects, each with its own interpretations and practices, allowed Buddhism to adapt to and integrate with indigenous Japanese beliefs and practices. This flexibility and adaptability have been key to Buddhism’s enduring presence in Japan.
In the 12th century, amid social and political upheaval, new forms of Buddhism that emphasized personal salvation and faith, such as Pure Land Buddhism and Nichiren Buddhism, gained popularity. These forms of Buddhism offered hope and comfort to the common people, further expanding the influence of Buddhism in Japan.
Today, Buddhism continues to be a major religion in Japan, deeply intertwined with Japanese culture and society. From the grand temples that dot the country to the Buddhist rituals that mark life’s milestones, the influence of Buddhism is a testament to its enduring relevance to the Japanese people.
Buddhism in Japan: A Historical Overview
Buddhism has been practiced in Japan since about the 6th century CE. Japanese Buddhism has created many new Buddhist schools, some of which are original to Japan and others derived from Chinese Buddhist schools. It has had a significant influence on Japanese society and culture and remains an influential aspect to this day.
The introduction of Buddhism to Japan was a gradual process, with the religion first making its way to China and Korea through the Silk Road and then traveling by sea to the Japanese archipelago. Early Japanese Buddhism is strongly influenced by Chinese Buddhism and Korean Buddhism. The Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan) provides a date of 552 for when King Seong of Baekje (now western South Korea) sent a mission to Emperor Kinmei that included an image of the Buddha Shakyamuni, ritual banners, and sutras. This event is usually considered the official introduction of Buddhism to Japan.
The powerful Soga clan played a key role in the early spread of Buddhism in the country. Their support, along with that of immigrant groups like the Hata clan, gave Buddhism its initial impulse in Japan along with its first temple (Hōkō-ji, also known as Asukadera).
During the Heian period, the capital was shifted to Kyoto (then known as Heiankyō) by emperor Kanmu, mainly for economic and strategic reasons. As before, Buddhist institutions continued to play a key role in the state, with Kanmu being a strong supporter of the new Tendai school of Saichō (767–822) in particular.
The Kamakura period was a period of crisis in which the control of the country moved from the imperial aristocracy to the samurai. In 1185 the Kamakura shogunate was established at Kamakura. This period saw the development of new Buddhist lineages or schools which have been called “Kamakura Buddhism” and “New Buddhism”.
During the height of the medieval era, political power was decentralized and shrine-temple complexes were often competing with each other for influence and power. These complexes often controlled land and multiple manors, and also maintained military forces of warrior monks which they used to battle with each other.
In spite of the instability of this era, the culture of Buddhist study and learning continued to thrive and grow. Furthermore, though there were numerous independent Buddhist schools and lineages at this time, many monks did not exclusively belong to one lineage and instead traveled to study and learn in various temples and seminaries. This tendency of practicing in multiple schools or lineages was termed shoshū kengaku. It became much more prominent in the medieval era due to the increased social mobility that many monks enjoyed.
The Influence of Chinese Buddhism on Japanese Buddhism
Buddhism in Japan has a rich history that dates back to the 6th century CE. The religion was introduced to Japan through the Sinosphere, a cultural and linguistic region influenced by Chinese culture. This region includes countries such as Korea, Vietnam, and Japan, which have been significantly influenced by the Chinese language, culture, and Confucian philosophical ideals.
The form of Buddhism that took root in Japan is Mahayana Buddhism, which was translated into Chinese and incorporated into the Chinese Buddhist canon. This canon also included Taoist and Confucian works, reflecting the syncretic nature of Chinese religious and philosophical thought. The Chinese Buddhist canon was then introduced to Japan, where it was further developed and adapted to the local culture and conditions.
The influence of Chinese Buddhism on Japanese Buddhism is evident in several key aspects. First, many of the Buddhist scriptures used in Japan were translated from Sanskrit into Chinese before being introduced to Japan. Second, many of the Buddhist practices and rituals in Japan have their origins in Chinese Buddhism. Third, the structure and organization of Buddhist temples and monastic communities in Japan were also influenced by Chinese models.
The influence of Chinese Buddhism on Japanese Buddhism is not just limited to religious practices and institutions. It also extends to cultural, artistic, and intellectual aspects of Japanese society. For example, Buddhist ideas and motifs have had a significant influence on Japanese literature, art, and philosophy. The influence of Chinese Buddhism can also be seen in the Japanese language itself, which has borrowed a large number of terms and concepts from Chinese Buddhist texts.
In conclusion, the influence of Chinese Buddhism on Japanese Buddhism is profound and pervasive. It has shaped not only the religious landscape of Japan but also its cultural, intellectual, and linguistic development. Despite these influences, however, Japanese Buddhism has also developed its own unique characteristics and traditions, reflecting the dynamic and adaptive nature of Buddhist thought and practice.
The Temples’ Roles in the Political, Cultural, and Religious Life of Japan
Political Influence and Power Structures
The temples in Japan have played significant roles in the political life of the country. They were not just places of worship but also centers of power. They were often built by emperors, shoguns, and other powerful figures as a demonstration of their authority and wealth. For example, the Tōdai-ji in Nara was built by Emperor Shōmu in the 8th century as a symbol of his power and to promote Buddhism as the state religion. The construction of such grand temples required vast resources and manpower, reflecting the political power of those who commissioned them.
Cultural Influence and Learning Centers
Temples were also centers of culture and learning. They housed libraries and schools, and monks often engaged in scholarly activities such as the translation of Buddhist texts and the creation of works of art and literature. Temples were also involved in the preservation and propagation of traditional Japanese arts such as tea ceremony, flower arrangement, and Noh theater. The Zen temples of the Kamakura period, for example, were known for their austere beauty and their influence on Japanese aesthetics, including the tea ceremony and ink painting.
Religious Influence and Practices
As centers of religious practice, temples played a crucial role in the spiritual life of the Japanese people. They were places of worship, pilgrimage, and religious education. The doctrines and practices taught in temples influenced Japanese religious beliefs and values. For example, the Pure Land Buddhism taught in many temples promised rebirth in a heavenly realm to anyone who invoked the name of the Buddha Amida, a teaching that had a profound impact on Japanese religious consciousness.
Connection with Authority and the Monarchy
Temples often had close ties with the ruling authorities. Emperors, shoguns, and other rulers often patronized temples, donating land and resources and often choosing to enter the priesthood themselves in their later years. This close connection between temples and the ruling authorities helped to elevate the status of Buddhism in Japanese society and allowed it to exert a significant influence on Japanese politics and culture.
Buddhism and Power Structures in Japan
Buddhism has been deeply intertwined with the power structures and monarchy of Japan throughout history. From the time of its introduction in the 5th century, Buddhism has been closely associated with the ruling classes, including the Emperor and the various forms of government that have existed in Japan. The religion has been used as a tool of statecraft, with Buddhist temples often serving as centers of power and influence.
The Emperor’s Relationship with Buddhism
The Emperor of Japan, while largely a symbolic figure in modern times, has had a complex relationship with Buddhism. The Emperor is traditionally seen as the highest authority in Shinto, Japan’s indigenous religion, but has also been a patron of Buddhism, with many emperors personally involved in Buddhist practices.
The Heian Period and Cloistered Rule
In the Heian period, the concept of “cloistered rule” emerged, where retired emperors exerted influence from behind the scenes, often from within a Buddhist temple. This was a significant shift in the power dynamics of the Japanese court.
The Kamakura Period and the Rise of the Samurai Class
During the Kamakura period, the rise of the samurai class and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate brought about a new form of government, known as “Bakufu” or military government. Buddhism continued to play a significant role during this period, with new forms of Buddhism, such as Zen, gaining popularity among the samurai class.
The Evolution of Buddhist Precepts in Japan: Meat Eating and Marriage Among Monks
The evolution of Buddhist precepts in Japan, known as “戒律” (Kairitsu), has a unique history that diverges from the original practices in India and China. In the early days of Buddhism, monks were expected to adhere strictly to the precepts, which included abstaining from eating meat and refraining from marriage. However, the situation in Japan began to change during the Meiji period.
The Meiji government, in an effort to modernize and westernize Japan, implemented a policy known as “廃仏毀釈” (Haibutsu Kishaku), which aimed to separate Buddhism and Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan. As part of this policy, the government permitted Buddhist monks to eat meat and marry, a significant departure from traditional Buddhist precepts.
This change was influenced by the government’s desire to align more closely with Western practices, where Christian clergy were allowed to marry. The policy also aimed to weaken the power of the Buddhist institutions, which had become politically influential. This shift in the interpretation of Buddhist precepts was a significant turning point in the history of Buddhism in Japan, marking a departure from the practices of other Buddhist traditions.
The allowance for monks to eat meat and marry is primarily seen in the Jōdo Shinshū (Pure Land Buddhism) and Nichiren sects of Buddhism in Japan. These sects interpret the precepts as guidelines rather than strict rules, allowing for greater flexibility in their practice. This approach has made these sects more accessible to the general public, contributing to their popularity in Japan.
It’s important to note that not all Buddhist sects in Japan have adopted these changes. Many traditional sects, such as the Zen and Shingon sects, continue to uphold the traditional precepts, including celibacy and vegetarianism. These sects believe that strict adherence to the precepts is essential for achieving enlightenment.
In conclusion, the allowance for monks to eat meat and marry in certain sects of Japanese Buddhism is a unique aspect of Japanese Buddhist history, reflecting the influence of government policy and cultural adaptation. It serves as an example of how religious practices can evolve and adapt to fit the needs and circumstances of a particular society.
Buddhism in Modern Japan
Buddhism has been practiced in Japan since the 6th century and has had a major influence on Japanese society and culture, remaining an influential aspect to this day. The Japanese Government estimates that as of 2018, about 67% of the Japanese population are Buddhists. This makes Buddhism the religion with the most adherents in Japan, followed by Shinto. However, a large number of people practice elements of both religions.
Buddhism in Japan has evolved over the centuries, creating many new Buddhist schools. Some of these schools are original to Japan, while others are derived from Chinese Buddhist schools. The largest sects of Japanese Buddhism are the Jōdo Buddhists with 22 million believers, followed by the Nichiren Buddhists with 11 million believers.
Despite these impressive numbers, the practice of Buddhism in Japan is not as straightforward as it might seem. Surveys show that roughly 70% of the population do not adhere to any religious beliefs. Yet, about 60% of Japanese families have a butsudan (Buddhist shrine) in their homes. This suggests that while formal religious affiliation may be low, cultural practices and traditions associated with Buddhism remain deeply ingrained in Japanese society.
Buddhism in Japan faces several challenges in the modern era. The rapid pace of technological advancement, the pressures of globalization, and the changing social landscape have all had an impact on how Buddhism is practiced and perceived. Yet, Buddhism continues to adapt and evolve, finding new ways to remain relevant and meaningful in the lives of many Japanese people.
The enduring legacy of Buddhism in Japan is evident in the country’s art, architecture, literature, and philosophy. It has shaped Japan’s cultural identity and continues to influence its societal values and worldview. As Japan faces the challenges of the 21st century, the wisdom and teachings of Buddhism may offer valuable insights and solutions.
Looking ahead, the future of Buddhism in Japan is likely to be as dynamic and diverse as its past. As it continues to interact with other religious traditions and responds to societal changes, Buddhism in Japan will undoubtedly continue to evolve, reflecting the complex and ever-changing tapestry of Japanese culture and spirituality.
Detailed Breakdown of Key Temples
As Buddhism spread throughout Japan, a variety of temples were established, each with its unique history, cultural significance, and influence on Japanese society. In this section, we will delve into the detailed histories of some of the most significant Buddhist temples in Japan, discussing their cultural, political, and religious significance, and their influence on the course of Japanese history.
Asuka-dera: The Cradle of Japanese Buddhism
Asuka-dera, also known as Hōkō-ji, is a Buddhist temple located in Asuka, Nara, and is considered one of the oldest temples in Japan. The original buildings of Hōkō-ji were constructed in 588, shortly after Buddhism was introduced to Japan, under the orders of Soga no Umako. The temple was built with the guidance of masters and artisans from the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje.
When the capital was transferred from Asuka to Heijō-kyō (now Nara city), the buildings of Asuka-dera were also moved from Asuka to Nara in 718 CE and developed into a large temple under the name of Gangō-ji. However, the original site of Hōkō-ji was maintained as a temple, which still exists today.
The main object of worship at Asuka-dera is the bronze Great Buddha, said to have been made by Kuratsukuri no Tori in the early seventh century. This statue is designated as an Important Cultural Property.
tion of Buddhism to Japan. The temple was initially built in Asuka, but was moved to Nara in 718 when the capital was transferred to Heijō-kyō (now Nara city).
The temple underwent several name changes over time, reflecting its evolving character and role in society. It was initially known as Hōkō-ji, then Asuka Daiji, and finally Gangoji. The temple was not only a place of worship but also a center of learning, with several prominent Buddhist scholars associated with it.
Gangoji played a significant role in the religious and political life of Japan. It was a state-sponsored temple during the Fujiwara and Nara eras, under the pro-Buddhism policy of the Soga clan. However, the collapse of the ordinance system in the Heian Era led to the dissolution of Gangoji’s temple, with its buildings and towers dispersed.
Despite these challenges, Gangoji continued to be a significant religious institution. During the Kamakura Era, the temple was restored, and it had monks from the Koshin-ji (Dain-ji) school (the Saidai-ji school of Shingon Risshu). During the Edo Era, many high-ranking officials were associated with the temple due to its direct connection with Saidai-ji temple.
The temple’s history is marked by periods of decline and restoration. After the Meiji Restoration, the temple was without resident priests. However, in 1942, the headquarters of the Shingon Risshu sect, Honzan-ji, substantially governed the temple and its authority was reinstated. Today, Gangoji is a National Treasure and World Heritage Site of Nara, a testament to its enduring significance in Japanese history and culture.
Tōdai-ji: The Great Eastern Temple and its Influence
Tōdai-ji, also known as the Great Eastern Temple, is one of the most historically significant and well-known Buddhist temples in Japan. Established during the Nara period, it is a prominent symbol of the Nanto Rokushū, the six Buddhist sects of Nara, which played a pivotal role in shaping Japanese Buddhism.
The Founding and Historical Significance
Tōdai-ji was founded by Emperor Shōmu in 738 AD, during a period of political and social turmoil. The Emperor, a devout Buddhist, believed that the construction of a grand Buddhist temple and the promotion of Buddhism as a state religion would bring peace and prosperity to the nation. The temple’s main hall, the Daibutsuden, houses one of the largest bronze statues of Buddha (Daibutsu) in the world, symbolizing the temple’s religious and historical significance.
Nanto Rokushū and the Evolution of Japanese Buddhism
Tōdai-ji is closely associated with the Nanto Rokushū, the six Buddhist sects that flourished in Nara (then known as Heijō-kyō) during the Nara period. These sects, including the Kegon, Hossō, Jōjitsu, Sanron, Ritsu, and Kusha, were instrumental in the development and propagation of Buddhism in Japan. They were characterized by their scholarly approach, focusing on the study and interpretation of various Buddhist texts and doctrines.
Tōdai-ji, in particular, was associated with the Kegon sect, which was based on the teachings of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra, a key text in Mahayana Buddhism. The Kegon sect’s philosophy, emphasizing the interdependence and interconnectedness of all phenomena, had a profound influence on Japanese Buddhist thought.
Tōdai-ji and the Heian Buddhism
As Buddhism evolved during the Heian period, Tōdai-ji continued to play a significant role. The Heian period saw the rise of new Buddhist sects, particularly the Tendai and Shingon, which were collectively referred to as Heian Buddhism. These sects, while distinct from the Nanto Rokushū, were heavily influenced by them, incorporating many of their doctrines and practices.
Tōdai-ji, with its rich scholarly tradition, contributed to this religious and philosophical exchange. The temple served as a center of learning, where monks from various sects studied and debated Buddhist doctrines. This intellectual cross-pollination played a crucial role in the development of Heian Buddhism, which in turn shaped the course of Japanese Buddhism in the centuries that followed.
Kinkaku-ji and Ginkaku-ji: The Golden and Silver Pavilions and Their Cultural Influences in the Muromachi Period
The Muromachi period, also known as the Ashikaga period, was a significant era in Japanese history that spanned from 1336 to 1573. This period was characterized by the establishment of the Ashikaga shogunate and the development of a unique cultural epoch known as the Muromachi culture.
The Muromachi culture was divided into two main phases: the Kitayama culture and the Higashiyama culture. The Kitayama culture, which flourished during the reign of the third shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, was marked by the influence of Chinese culture and the opulence of the ruling class. An era characterized by the fusion of the traditional court culture and the emerging culture of the warrior class. The Golden Pavilion (Kinkaku-ji) is a representative example of the Kitayama culture. The pavilion, with its different architectural styles and lavish use of gold, embodies the cultural and aesthetic values of this era.
The Higashiyama culture, on the other hand, developed during the reign of the eighth shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimasa, and was characterized by the principles of Zen Buddhism and the aesthetics of wabi-sabi (the beauty of simplicity and transience). This culture significantly influenced the development of the tea ceremony (chadō), flower arranging (ikebana), Noh drama, and sumi-e ink painting. The Silver Pavilion (Ginkaku-ji) is a representative example of the Higashiyama culture.
The Higashiyama culture was named after the eastern hills (Higashiyama) of Kyoto, where Yoshimasa built his retirement villa. After his death, the villa was converted into the temple Ginkaku-ji, which became the center of Higashiyama cultural development. The retired shogun invited many artists, poets, and court nobles to his villa, encouraging the development of their arts. A vast and priceless collection of artifacts, known as the Higashiyama Treasure, was assembled there.
The Muromachi period was also marked by the spread of culture to the common people and its regional dissemination, especially during the Sengoku (Warring States) period. This period saw the rise of many “small Kyotos” or regional cultural centers, which eventually contributed to the development of a national culture.
In summary, the Muromachi period was a time of significant cultural development and diversification in Japan, with the establishment of unique aesthetic principles and the spread of culture beyond the aristocracy to the common people and the regions.
Enryaku-ji: The Mountain Temple and its Imperial Patronage
Enryaku-ji, perched atop the sacred Mount Hiei, is a temple of immense historical and religious significance. Founded in 788 by Saichō, the monk who introduced the Tendai sect of Buddhism to Japan, Enryaku-ji has played a pivotal role in the religious and political landscape of the country.
The Founding and Growth of Enryaku-ji
Saichō, posthumously known as Dengyō Daishi, was a leading figure in the Heian period. He journeyed to China in 804 and returned with the teachings of the Tendai sect, a branch of Mahayana Buddhism. Saichō’s vision was to create a monastic complex where monks could undergo a rigorous 12-year training program, integrating the study of scriptures, meditation, and ritual practices. This vision came to fruition with the establishment of Enryaku-ji on Mount Hiei, northeast of the capital city of Heian-kyō (modern-day Kyoto).
Enryaku-ji grew rapidly under Saichō’s leadership and the patronage of Emperor Kanmu, who saw in Buddhism a unifying force for the country. The temple became a center for learning, attracting scholars and monks from across Japan. Its influence extended beyond the religious sphere, with its monks playing active roles in the political arena.
Enryaku-ji and the Imperial Court
Enryaku-ji’s close ties to the imperial court were further cemented during the reign of Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Sutoku. Emperor Shirakawa, known for his policy of insei (cloistered rule), abdicated the throne in favor of his son but continued to wield significant political power. He was a devoted patron of Enryaku-ji and made several visits to the temple, contributing to its expansion and the promotion of the Tendai sect.
Emperor Sutoku, the son of Emperor Toba and the 75th emperor of Japan, was also a significant figure in Enryaku-ji’s history. A lover of the arts and a devout Buddhist, Sutoku was deeply involved in the world of poetry and Buddhism. Despite his defeat in the Hōgen Rebellion and subsequent exile, Sutoku’s influence on the cultural and religious life of the period was profound.
The Warrior Monks of Enryaku-ji
One of the most distinctive aspects of Enryaku-ji’s history is its association with the warrior monks, or “sōhei.” These monks were not just religious practitioners but also skilled fighters. They served as the temple’s defenders and were often involved in political and military affairs. At the peak of its power, Enryaku-ji was a complex of as many as 3,000 sub-temples and a powerful army of these warrior monks.
The warrior monks of Enryaku-ji, known as the “yamabushi” (mountain monks), were particularly influential. They were known for their martial prowess and were often involved in conflicts with other temples, the imperial court, and the shogunate. However, their power was not unlimited. In the Muromachi period, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, who had once been the Tendai sect’s chief abbot under the name of Yoshiyuki, launched a large-scale suppression campaign against Enryaku-ji because he was well aware of the military power and brutality of the warrior monks. This trend of temples maintaining military forces continued until 1588, when Toyotomi Hideyoshi implemented a sword hunt.
The Temple’s Influence and Legacy
Enryaku-ji’s influence extended far beyond its physical location on Mount Hiei. The temple’s teachings, particularly those of the Tendai sect, permeated throughout Japan, shaping the country’s religious, cultural, and political landscapes. The temple’s rigorous training program, which integrated the study of scriptures, meditation, and ritual practices, produced many notable scholars and monks who went on to play significant roles in Japanese society.
The temple’s influence was particularly evident in the realm of arts and culture. The teachings of the Tendai sect and the intellectual environment of Enryaku-ji influenced the development of classical Japanese literature, including works such as “The Tale of Genji” and “The Tale of the Heike.” The temple’s influence also extended to traditional Japanese music, with the chanting style developed at Enryaku-ji serving as the basis for the music of the Noh theater.
Enryaku-ji also played a significant role in the development of other Buddhist sects in Japan. Many founders of new Buddhist movements in the Kamakura period, such as Honen, Shinran, Dogen, and Nichiren, were initially trained at Enryaku-ji. These individuals went on to establish their own schools of Buddhism, such as the Pure Land sect, the Soto Zen sect, and the Nichiren sect, all of which have had a profound impact on Japanese religious life.
Despite facing numerous challenges and conflicts over its long history, including clashes with military powers and internal strife, Enryaku-ji has managed to preserve its traditions and continue its religious practices. Today, the temple remains an important center for the study and practice of Tendai Buddhism, attracting monks, scholars, and visitors from around the world. The temple’s enduring presence attests to its significant role in Japanese history and its ongoing relevance in contemporary Japanese society.
Daikaku-ji: The Imperial Abode Turned Temple
Daikaku-ji, a Shingon Buddhist temple in Ukyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan, is a testament to the profound influence of Buddhism on Japanese royalty. Originally a residence of Emperor Saga (785–842 CE), the site later served as the seat of cloistered rule for various emperors. The temple grounds are also home to the Saga Go-ryū school of ikebana, reflecting the deep-rooted connection between Japanese religious and artistic traditions.
The Birth of Daikaku-ji
The origins of Daikaku-ji trace back to the Heian period in 814 CE, when Emperor Saga commissioned the construction of a palace, known as the Saga-in, on the site. This palace later became his retirement abode, known as the Saga Rikyu imperial villa. In 876, thirty-four years after Emperor Saga’s death, his daughter Princess Masako, consort of Emperor Junna, transformed the complex into a temple and christened it Daikaku-ji. As a monzeki temple, it was traditionally led by imperial princes appointed as the temple’s abbot.
Daikaku-ji and the Cloistered Rule
Daikaku-ji played a significant role during the era of the cloistered rule, a unique form of government in Japan during the Heian period. In this system, an emperor would abdicate but still retain power and influence. These retired emperors, who often withdrew to live in monasteries, acted to counterbalance the influence of Fujiwara regents and the warrior class. At the same time, the titular emperor, chosen by the former emperor, fulfilled all the ceremonial roles and formal duties of the monarchy.
Daikaku-ji served as the retirement home and power center for several emperors during the 13th and 14th centuries. It became the residence of retired emperors such as Emperor Go-Saga, Emperor Kameyama, and Emperor Go-Uda. These emperors, ordained as monks, continued to wield power from Daikaku-ji, a practice known as cloistered rule. This unique blend of religious and political power is a defining characteristic of Daikaku-ji’s history.
The temple’s role as a center of cloistered rule is particularly evident in the case of Emperor Kameyama. After his abdication, Emperor Kameyama continued to exert significant influence over the court from Daikaku-ji. He even entered the priesthood and joined the Zen sect, leading to the gradual penetration of Zen Buddhism into the Court Nobility. In 1289, he helped establish the Buddhist temple Nanzen-ji in Kyoto.
The Ōsawa Pond and Garden: A Heian Legacy
The Ōsawa Pond and surrounding garden, older than the temple itself, date back to the Heian period. Emperor Saga created this artificial lake of 2.4 hectares, either during his reign (809-823) or between his retirement and death in 842. The pond, designed to mirror the outlines of China’s Dongting Lake, was part of an imperial garden known as chisen-shuyu, meant to be viewed from a boat, similar to the Imperial Chinese gardens of the period.
The pond features two islands, one large and one small, with the smaller known as Chrysanthemum Island. Several small rocky islets between the two islands are designed to resemble Chinese junks at anchor. A hillside north of the lake hosts a dry cascade (karedaki), a type of Japanese rock or Zen garden, where a real waterfall is suggested through a composition of stones.
A Cultural and Artistic Hub
The garden and pond have been celebrated in the poetry of the Heian period and are considered the birthplace of the Saga school of ikebana, named in honor of Emperor Saga. The lake was designed as a vantage point for moon viewing from boats, a tradition that continues today with an annual moon-viewing party featuring Heian period-style costumed dancers, musicians, and dragon boats. The lake remains a popular spot for viewing the cherry trees in bloom.
In conclusion, Daikaku-ji stands as a symbol of the intricate interplay between religion, politics, and culture in Japan. Its history and continued relevance offer a fascinating glimpse into the enduring influence of Buddhism on Japanese society. From its origins as an imperial residence to its transformation into a temple and a seat of cloistered rule, Daikaku-ji embodies the rich tapestry of Japanese history.
Hongan-ji: The Temple of the Primal Vow
Hongan-ji, also known as the Temple of the Primal Vow, is a significant school of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism. It further sub-divides into the Nishi (West) and Higashi (East) branches. The term ‘Hongan-ji’ can refer to any one of several actual temple buildings associated with the sect, but the two major temples in Kyoto are Nishi Honganji and Higashi Honganji.
Historical Background
The Hongan-ji was established as a temple in 1321, on the site of the Ōtani Mausoleum, where Shinran, the founder of the Jōdo Shinshū (True Pure Land) was buried. The temple first gained power and importance in the 15th century, when Rennyo became its eighth monshu (spiritual leader). However, the Tendai sect based on Mount Hiei saw this expansion as a threat and attacked the Hongan-ji three times with its army of sōhei (warrior monks).
During the Sengoku period, fearing the power of the monks of the Hongan-ji, Oda Nobunaga tried to destroy it. For ten years, he laid siege to the Ishiyama Hongan-ji in Osaka, one of the two primary temple fortresses of the sect. In 1580, the abbot of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji, Kennyo, surrendered, while his son Kyōnyo refused to surrender, for which he was publicly disowned.
The Split of Hongan-ji
After the death of Nobunaga in 1582 and the ascent of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Kennyo was rewarded for his opposition to Nobunaga by being granted land in Kyoto, at the site of modern-day Nishi Hongan-ji. He was succeeded by his legitimate son, Junnyo, as abbot in 1592. While his brother Kyōnyo re-established the Osaka Hongan-ji in 1596 with local support, owing to his refusal to surrender to Nobunaga earlier. After the death of Hideyoshi in 1598, Kyōnyo openly supported Tokugawa Ieyasu, who became shōgun in 1602. In reward for his loyalty, Kyōnyo was rewarded with land for a temple in Kyoto to the east of Nishi Honganji, which then became known in 1603 as Higashi Honganji. In 1619 the government recognized the two entities as separate congregations. It is popularly believed, however mistakenly, that the institution was split in two in order to maintain control of the order.
Modern Divisions of the Hongan-ji
Today, Nishi Hongan-ji, formally known as the Jodo-Shinshu Honganji-ha, is the largest of all the Jodo Shinshu branches. It has a history of institutional stability that accounts for high membership figures, and a larger geographical reach, but fewer well-known modern thinkers. The Nishi Hongan-ji has a sizable number of overseas temples in the United States, South America, Hawai’i, Canada, and Europe which are organized into several kyodan (districts). The largest of these is the Buddhist Churches of America.
Higashi Hongan-ji, or “the Eastern Temple of the Original Vow,” is one of the two dominant sub-sects of Shin Buddhism in Japan and abroad, the other being Nishi Hongan-ji. It is also the name of the head temple of the Ōtani-ha branch of Jōdo Shinshū in Kyoto.
Higashi Hongan-ji was established in 1602 by the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu when he split the Shin sect in two to diminish its power. The temple was first built in its present location in 1658. The temple grounds feature a mausoleum containing the ashes of Shin Buddhism founder Shinran. The mausoleum was initially constructed in 1272 and moved several times before being constructed in its current location in 1670.
At the center of the temple is the Founder’s Hall, where an image of the temple’s founder, Shinran, is enshrined. The hall is one of the largest wooden structures in the world at 76 m (250 ft.) in length, 58 m (190 ft.) in width, and 38 m (125 ft.) in height. The current hall was constructed in 1895.
The Amida Hall to the left of the Founder’s Hall contains an image of Amida Buddha along with an image of Prince Shōtoku, who introduced Buddhism to Japan. The hall is ornately decorated with gold leaf and art from the Meiji Period. The current hall was constructed in 1895.
During the twentieth century, Higashi Hongan-ji was troubled by political disagreements, financial scandals, and family disputes, and has subsequently fractured into a number of further sub-divisions. The largest Higashi Hongan-ji grouping, the Shinshu Otaniha, has approximately 5.5 million members. However, within this climate of instability, the Higashi Hongan-ji also produced a significant number of extremely influential thinkers, such as Soga Ryojin, Kiyozawa Manshi, Kaneko Daiei, and Haya Akegarasu, among others.
The Split and the Cloistered Rule
The split of the Hongan-ji into the Nishi and Higashi branches was a strategic move by the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1602 to diminish the power of the Shin sect. The temple was first built in its present location in 1658. The temple grounds feature a mausoleum containing the ashes of Shin Buddhism founder Shinran. The mausoleum was initially constructed in 1272 and moved several times before being constructed in its current location in 1670.
The temple’s close ties to the imperial court and the cloistered rule are evident in its history. During the Heian period (794-1185), retired emperors often wielded significant political power from behind the scenes, in a system known as the cloistered rule. This system allowed retired emperors to exert influence without the official responsibilities of the throne, and temples often served as their bases of power. The Hongan-ji temples, with their significant religious influence and large followings, were key players in this political landscape.
The Hongan-ji’s involvement in the cloistered rule and its subsequent split into the Nishi and Higashi branches are a testament to the complex interplay of religion and politics in Japan’s history. The temples were not just places of worship, but also centers of power, influencing and being influenced by the political machinations of the time.
Byōdō-in: The Phoenix Rising from the Ashes of Time
The Byōdō-in, or “Temple of Equality,” is a significant cultural and historical landmark in Japan. It was originally built in 998 during the Heian period as a rural villa for a high-ranking courtier, Minamoto no Shigenobu. After his death, the property was purchased by Fujiwara no Michinaga, a powerful member of the Fujiwara clan, and was transformed into a Buddhist temple by his son, Fujiwara no Yorimichi, in 1052.
The temple holds a significant place in the history of East Asian Buddhism. The year 1052 marked the beginning of the Mappo, or the Age of Dharma Decline, which is considered the degenerate Third Age of Buddhism. This period was believed to signify the beginning of the end of the world, leading to an increased devotion to Buddhism and the ideology of the Buddhist Pure Land among the aristocracy and monks.
The temple complex has expanded over the centuries, with significant renovations and additions made during the Kamakura Period and later. The Phoenix Hall, completed in 1053, is the most famous building in the temple and houses a 2.4 meters tall Amida Buddha statue created by Jōchō, a renowned Buddhist sculptor of the Heian Period. The temple complex was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1994 as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto.
The Byōdō-in has also been a symbol of authority and cultural significance in Japan. Its image is displayed on the 10 yen coin, and the phoenix image is featured on the 10,000 yen note. The Phoenix Hall, the Amida Buddha statue inside it, and several other items at Byōdō-in are recognized as national treasures.
The temple’s importance extends beyond its historical and cultural significance. It is also a symbol of the enduring influence of Buddhism in Japan and its connection to the country’s political and social structures. The Byōdō-in serves as a testament to the deep intertwining of religion, culture, and authority in Japan’s history.
Practical Information for Tourists
Understanding Temples in Japan
When visiting Japan, one of the most common sights you’ll encounter are the numerous Buddhist temples scattered throughout the country. These temples, known as “tera” (寺) in Japanese, are not just places of worship, but also significant cultural and historical landmarks. The same kanji for “tera” also has the pronunciation “ji”, so you’ll often see temple names ending in “-dera” or “-ji”. Another ending, “-in” (院), is normally used to refer to minor temples. For example, famous temples like Kiyomizu-dera, Enryaku-ji, and Kōtoku-in follow this naming pattern.
In addition to the common terms “tera”, “ji”, and “in”, there’s another term you might encounter when exploring Japanese temples: “monzeki” (門跡). Monzeki refers to specific temples where the head priest is a member of the imperial family or the nobility. This tradition started when Emperor Uda became a monk and resided at Ninna-ji, designating it as an imperial temple or monzeki. Over time, other temples also became monzeki as members of the imperial family or nobility took on the role of head priest. These temples hold a high status and are often associated with significant historical events or figures.
Understanding these terms and the distinctions between them can enhance your appreciation of the temples you visit in Japan. Each temple has its own unique history and cultural significance, and knowing the background can provide a deeper understanding of Japan’s rich Buddhist tradition.
Key Temples to Visit
Japan is home to thousands of Buddhist temples, each with its own unique history and cultural significance. However, if you’re planning a trip to Japan and want to experience the country’s rich Buddhist heritage, there are a few key cities that are particularly renowned for their temples: Kyoto, Nara, and Kamakura.
Kyoto
Kyoto, the former imperial capital of Japan, is often considered the heart of Japanese Buddhism. The city is home to over 1,600 temples, including some of the country’s most famous and historically significant. These include Kinkaku-ji (the Golden Pavilion), Ginkaku-ji (the Silver Pavilion), and Kiyomizu-dera, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Kyoto was the seat of the imperial court for over a thousand years, and during this time, it became a major center of Buddhist culture and learning. Many of the temples in Kyoto were built by emperors, shoguns, and other powerful figures, reflecting their deep ties to the political and cultural life of the country.
Nara
Nara, another former capital, is also a must-visit city for temple enthusiasts. It’s home to some of Japan’s oldest and most important temples, including Tōdai-ji, which houses the world’s largest bronze statue of the Buddha, and Hōryū-ji, which is considered the world’s oldest surviving wooden structure. Like Kyoto, Nara was a center of political and cultural power, and its temples reflect this historical significance.
Kamakura
Kamakura, located to the south of Tokyo, is known for its numerous temples and shrines, as well as its giant bronze statue of the Buddha. The city was the seat of the Kamakura shogunate, a military government that ruled Japan from the 12th to the 14th century. During this period, new forms of Buddhism, such as Zen, gained popularity, and many of the temples in Kamakura reflect these developments.
Visiting these cities and their temples provides a fascinating insight into the history and development of Buddhism in Japan. Each temple tells a story, not just of religious belief, but also of political power, cultural change, and architectural innovation. Whether you’re a history buff, a spiritual seeker, or simply a curious traveler, these temples offer a window into the soul of Japan.
Dress Code and Behavior
When visiting temples in Japan, it’s important to dress modestly out of respect for the religious nature of these sites. Avoid wearing revealing clothing and try to keep your voice down to maintain the serene atmosphere.
Temple Etiquette
Before entering the temple, you’ll often find a purification fountain where you can cleanse your hands and mouth. This is a symbolic act of purification before entering a sacred space. When inside the temple, it’s customary to put your hands together and bow slightly in front of the main altar as a sign of respect.
Shojin Ryori
When visiting temples, you might have the opportunity to try shojin ryori, a type of vegetarian cuisine traditionally served in Buddhist temples in Japan. This cuisine is based on simplicity and harmony with nature, and it’s prepared without meat, fish, or other animal products. It’s a unique culinary experience that reflects the Buddhist principle of non-violence.
Omamori and Goshuin
Omamori are protective amulets that you can buy at temples. They’re often beautifully decorated and contain blessings for different aspects of life, such as health, safety, and success in studies. Goshuin, on the other hand, are stamps or calligraphic inscriptions that you can collect in a special book as a memento of your temple visit. Each temple has its own unique goshuin, making them a wonderful souvenir of your journey.
Shukubo
Shukubo is the practice of staying overnight at a Buddhist temple. This unique experience often includes participating in the temple’s daily activities, such as morning prayers, and enjoying shojin ryori. One such place offering this experience is the Omuro Kaikan at Ninna-ji Temple in Kyoto. Here, guests can participate in morning services, listen to Buddhist teachings, and explore the temple grounds before they’re open to the general public.
Planning Your Visit
Before your visit, it’s a good idea to check the temple’s official website for information about opening hours, admission fees, and any special events or restrictions. For example, Kiyomizu-dera Temple in Kyoto provides detailed information about various religious services available to visitors, such as personal prayers and blessings.
Remember, visiting a temple is not just a tourist activity, but also a chance to experience Japanese culture and spirituality. Respect the customs and enjoy the serene and beautiful environment that these historical sites offer.
The Intersection of Shinto and Buddhism: A Complex Tapestry of Religious Expression
The Concept of Shinbutsu-shūgō
Shinbutsu-shūgō, which translates to “syncretism of kami and buddhas,” is a term that describes the fusion of Shinto and Buddhism, which was Japan’s primary organized religion up until the Meiji period. This syncretism began when Buddhism was introduced from China in the Asuka period (6th century). The Japanese attempted to reconcile the new Buddhist beliefs with the older Shinto beliefs, assuming both were true. As a result, Buddhist temples were attached to local Shinto shrines and vice versa, devoted to both kami and buddhas. The local religion and foreign Buddhism never fully fused but remained inextricably linked through interaction.
The Assimilation of Buddhism
The fusion of Buddhism with the local kami worship started as soon as Buddhism arrived in Japan. Buddhism was not passive in the assimilation process, but was itself ready to assimilate and be assimilated. By the time it entered Japan, it was already syncretic, having adapted to and amalgamated with other religions and cultures in India, China, and the Korean Peninsula.
The Honji Suijaku Theory
The honji suijaku theory, which developed in the 9th century, posits that Japanese kami are emanations of buddhas, bodhisattvas, or devas who mingle with human beings to lead them to the Buddhist Way. This theory was the keystone of the whole shinbutsu shūgō edifice and therefore the foundation of Japanese religion for many centuries. Because of it, most kami changed from potentially dangerous spirits to local emanations of buddhas and bodhisattvas which possess wisdom of their own.
The Continued Intersection of Shinto and Buddhism
In Japan, Shinto and Buddhism have a long history of coexistence and interaction, resulting in a complex tapestry of religious expression. This is evident in the phenomenon of shinbutsu-shūgō, the syncretism or fusion of Buddhism and Shinto. This syncretism is reflected in many aspects of Japanese religious culture, including the architecture and practices at religious sites.
However, there have been periods in Japanese history when efforts were made to separate and distinguish these two religions. One such period was during the Meiji Restoration in the late 19th century, a time of rapid modernization and westernization in Japan. The Meiji government implemented a policy known as Shinbutsu Bunri, which aimed to separate Shinto and Buddhism. This policy was part of a broader effort to establish Shinto as the state religion and reduce the influence of Buddhism, which was seen as a foreign religion.
The Shinbutsu Bunri policy led to a nationwide movement known as Haibutsu Kishaku, which sought to abolish Buddhism. This movement resulted in the destruction of many Buddhist temples and artifacts, and many Buddhist monks were forced to return to secular life. Despite the government’s intentions, the policy and the resulting movement did not completely eradicate Buddhism in Japan. Instead, it led to a transformation of Japanese Buddhism and its coexistence with Shinto in a more distinct and separate form.
The history of Shinbutsu Bunri and Haibutsu Kishaku is a testament to the complex and intertwined relationship between Shinto and Buddhism in Japan. Even today, many Japanese people practice both religions, often participating in Shinto rituals for life events like weddings and turning to Buddhism for matters related to death and the afterlife. This blending of religious practices is a unique aspect of Japanese spirituality and a reflection of the country’s rich cultural and religious history.
Public Perception of Shinto and Buddhism
The public often surprised to learn about the existence of Buddhist temples dedicated to Inari, a Shinto kami. This surprise indicates that the government’s efforts to separate Shinto and Buddhism into distinct categories have been largely successful in shaping public perception. However, in practice, the two religions continue to coexist and intersect in multiple ways.
Conclusion
From its introduction in the 6th century to its pervasive influence in contemporary Japan, Buddhism has been an integral part of the country’s cultural fabric. The temples, serving as both spiritual centers and repositories of cultural heritage, stand as testament to the enduring legacy of Buddhism in Japan. Whether it’s the grandeur of Tōdai-ji, the tranquility of Kinkaku-ji and Ginkaku-ji, or the spiritual allure of Byōdō-in, each temple has a unique story to tell, reflecting the multifaceted nature of Japanese Buddhism. As we navigate the modern world, these temples continue to offer a space for reflection, spiritual growth, and a deeper understanding of Japan’s rich history and culture. Whether you’re a devout Buddhist, a history enthusiast, or a curious traveler, the world of Japanese Buddhism offers a wealth of knowledge and experiences waiting to be discovered.